The SDH technique features numerous accessory functions and advantages, beginning with its very high transmission capacity. Today, SDH has replaced most PDH systems, except in some radio relay systems. High capacity SDH backbone networks are the transmission infrastructure not only of legacy telephone networks, but also of packet-switched broadband networks (ATM, IP).
Newer developments of SDH, namely Virtual Concatenation (VCAT) and Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS), further enhance its flexibility and capabilities, and make it the transmission technology of choice also for high-speed data transport networks.
Key Benefits
This training provides a thorough overview on several topics that are usually not presented in a single book neither in a competing course. In particular, the participants will learn:
principles of traditional FDM and PCM multiplexing of telephone channels;
basics of optical multiplexing systems (WDM, OTDM);
the bit justification techniques used in PDH multiplexing;
the SDH frame structure, overhead and multiplexing schemes;
the SDH pointer justification mechanism;
VCAT and LCAS;
BIP codes for bit error monitoring over SDH transmission lines;
principles of ATM and IP data transport over SDH;
basic functions of SDH equipment (regenerators, multiplexers, digital cross-connects), including such specific aspects as scrambling, physical interfaces, alarming;
techniques of traffic protection in SDH networks;
basics of SDH network synchronization;
basics of SDH network management;
techniques and practical procedures for SDH systemtesting.
Pre-Requisites for Participants
For best understanding of course topics, basic knowledge of digital telecommunications (telephone systems, PCM, multiplexing) is recommended.
Who Should Attend?
This course has been designed primarily for the technical personnel of telecommunications operators, service providers and equipment suppliers. This may include, but not exclusively, PDH/SDH system engineers, network planners, hardware and software designers, engineers in charge of system testing, operation, maintenance and customer support. It is well suited also for marketing and product managers, who need an overview on all aspects of this technology for promoting products effectively.
Not only practitioners or new-to-the job should attend this course, but also senior personnel with expertise in the field may discover several enlightening aspects and will benefit from attending it. The richness and depth of course topics cover a wide spectrum of practical and theoretical issues.
Course Outline
IntroductionMultiplexing
frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and FDM hierarchy
analog/digital conversion
time division multiplexing (TDM)
PCM telephone multiplex
synchronous digital multiplexing
optical multiplexing (WDM, OTDM)
PDH transmission systems
asynchronous digital multiplexing
bit justification
frame structure
PDH multiplexing hierarchy
PDH equipment
drawbacks
SDH transmission systems
historical outline
ITU-T standards
advantages compared to PDH
SDH e SONET hierarchical levels
SDH frame structure
ETSI and ITU-T multiplexing schemes
multiplexing elements
examples of synchronous multiplexing
pointer justification
concatenation
overhead
SDH frame for radio systems
BIP-n codes: bit error rate estimation
Data transport over SDH
overview
ATM over SDH
ATM basics
ITU-T protocol reference model
Physical Layer
ATM mapping in SDH VCs
IP over SDH (Packet over SDH)
motivation
protocol stack
beyond STM-16
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
overview
frame structure
client-independent processes
client-specific processes: mapping modes
GFP mapping in SDH VCs
SDH equipment
functional schemes
scrambling
alarms and alarm states
physical interfaces and line systems
regenerators
Line Terminal Multiplexers, Add Drop Multiplexers (ADM) and application examples
Digital Cross Connect (DXC) and application examples
radio relay equipment and application examples
SDH network architectures
overview
traffic protection: line protection, ring protection, restoration in DXC networks
applications
Synchronization aspects in SDH networks
synchronization in telecommunications
timing relationships among digital signals
synchronous and asynchronous transport modes
jitter and wander
causes of jitter and wander in SDH transmission systems
network synchronization
models and characterization of clocks
Testing of SDH equipment and systems
instrumentation
testing of SDH equipment
testing of SDH systems
Basics of SDH network management
general model of Telecommunication Management Network (TMN)
